Transferência e contratransferência: os efeitos clínicos do observador no trabalho em grupos terapêuticos / Transference and countertransference: the observer's clinical effects in therapeutic groups / Transfert et contre-transfert: les effets cliniques de l'observateur dans les groupes thérapeutiques / Transferencia y contratransferencia: los efectos clínicos del observador en el trabajo con grupos terapéuticos

O propósito deste artigo é refletir sobre os conceitos de transferência e contratransferência, articulando-os com a dimensão clínica do lugar do observador no trabalho em grupos terapêuticos. Inicialmente, será feito um percurso histórico sobre tais conceitos na psicanálise. Posteriormente, a noção de transferência será discutida como um vínculo que pode se manifestar pela via da expressão corporal e sensorialidade, enquanto a contratransferência será analisada a partir do campo da intersubjetividade. Esses aspectos serão ilustrados por duas vinhetas clínicas

This paper reflects on the concepts of transference and countertransference in articulation with the clinical dimension of the observer's place in therapeutic groups. After a brief historical overview of these concepts in psychoanalysis, the notion of transference is discussed as a link that can manifest itself via bodily and sensorially. Countertransference, in turn, will be analyzed based on intersubjectivity. These aspects will be illustrated by two clinical vignettes

Cet article reflète aux concepts de transfert et de contre-transfert en articulation avec la dimension clinique de la place de l'observateur dans les groupes thérapeutiques. D'après un aperçu historique de ces concepts en psychanalyse, on discute la notion de transfert en tant que lien qui peut se manifester par l'expression corporelle et la sensorialité. Le contre-transfert, à son tour, sera analysé à partir du domaine de l'intersubjectivité. Ces aspects seront illustrés par deux vignettes cliniques

El propósito de este artículo es reflexionar sobre los conceptos de transferencia y contratransferencia articulándolos con la dimensión clínica del lugar del observador en el trabajo con grupos terapéuticos. Inicialmente, se hará un recorrido histórico sobre tales conceptos en el psicoanálisis. Posteriormente, la noción de transferencia será discutida como vínculo que puede manifestarse por la expresión corporal y la sensorialidad, mientras que la contratransferencia será analizada a partir del campo de la intersubjetividad. Estos aspectos serán ilustrados por dos viñetas clínicas

Comparative mortality risks in two independent bipolar cohorts.

OBJECTIVES: To compare mortality rates in bipolar disorder with common causes of mortality. METHODS: Observational data from the Prechter Longitudinal Study of Bipolar Disorder (PLS-BD) of 1128 participants including 281 controls was analyzed using logistical regression to quantify mortality rates in comparison with common comorbidities and causes of death. Outcome and treatment measures, including ASRM, GAD-7, PHQ-9 and medication use were used to stratify those with bipolar disorder (BD) that are alive or deceased. A larger cohort of 10,735 existing BD patients with 7,826 controls (no psychiatric diagnosis) from the University of Michigan Health (U-M Health) clinics was used as replication, observational secondary data analysis. RESULTS: The mortality rates are significantly different between those with BD and controls in both PLS-BD and U-M Health. Those with BD and are deceased have a higher percentage of elevated depression measures but show no difference in mania or anxiety measures nor medication use patterns. In both cohorts, a diagnosis of BD increases the odds of mortality greater than history of smoking or being older than ≥ 60-years of age. CONCLUSION: BD was found to increase odds of mortality significantly and beyond that of a history of smoking. This finding was replicated in an independent sample.

Distribuição e qualidade de espaços públicos para atividade física de lazer em uma capital do Brasil / Distribution and quality of public spaces for physical leisure activity in a brazilian capital

As características físicas do ambiente podem contribuir na promoção da saúde, principalmente a disponibilidade e qualidade dos espaços públicos de lazer. O presente estudo tem como objetivo analisar a distribuição e a qualidade dos equipamentos para atividade física de lazer em uma capital brasileira. Foram avaliados 27 espaços públicos, incluindo parques, praças e canteiros habitáveis disponíveis no raio de 1.000 metros de três polos do Programa Academia da Saúde (PAS) no município de Belo Horizonte. Em 2019, os equipamentos foram auditados por meio da aplicação da versão adaptada do Physical Activity Resource Assessment (PARA), que avalia a existência, qualidade, segurança, limpeza e estética dos equipamentos. Frequências absolutas e relativas foram calculadas. Dos 27 locais avaliados, 22,2% eram parques (n = 6), 70,4% praças (n = 19) e 7,4% canteiros habitáveis (n = 2). Quadras de vôlei e campos de futebol foram os equipamentos mais identificados nos parques, presentes em todos os locais analisados, enquanto academias e estações de exercício ao ar livre foram os mais comuns nas praças (89,5%; 52,9%, respectivamente). Quanto aos canteiros habitáveis, apresentaram apenas quadras de vôlei/campos de futebol. Com relação à limpeza e estética, as maiores proporções foram pichações (74,1%), lixo espalhado/sujeira (74,1%), grama alta (44,4%) e sinais de vandalismo e sujeira de animais (37,0%). A pequena diversidade e qualidade ruim dos equipamentos, e as características inadequadas de limpeza e estética dos espaços de lazer no qual se encontram, podem impedir ou dificultar o uso dos mesmos para a prática de atividade física, demonstrando assim, a necessidade de investimentos mais expressivos nesses locais

The physical characteristics of the environment can contribute to health promotion, especially the availa-bility and quality of public leisure spaces. The present study aims to analyze the distribution and quality of equipment for leisure physical activity in a Brazilian capital. Twenty-seven public spaces, including parks, squares and boulevards available within a radius of 1,000 meters of three centers of the Health Academy Program (PAS) in the city of Belo Horizonte were evaluated. In 2019, the equipment was audited through the application of the adapted version of the Physical Activity Resource Assessment (PARA), which evaluates the existence, quality, safety, cleanliness, and aesthetics of the equipment. Absolute and relative frequencies were calculated. Of the 27 sites evaluated, 22.2% were parks (n=6), 70.4% were squares (n = 19), and 7.4% were boulevards (n = 2). Volleyball courts and soccer fields were the most identified equipment in parks, present in all analyzed places, while outdoor gyms and exercise stations were the most common in squares (89.5%; 52.9%, respectively). As for boulevards, they only had volleyball courts/soccer fields. Regarding cleanliness and aesthetics, the highest proportions were graffiti (74.1%), scattered garbage/dirt (74.1%), tall grass (44.4%), and signs of vandalism and animal dirt (37.0%). The small diversity and poor quality of equipment, and the inadequate characteristics of cleanliness and aesthetics of the leisure spaces in which they are located, can prevent or hinder their use for the practice of physical activity, thus demonstrating the need for more expressive investments in these places

Mapeamento da produção artístico-acadêmica de Dança nos programas brasileiros de pós-graduação em Artes: um olhar sobre os métodos de investigação / Mapping the artistic-academic production of Dance in brazilian postgraduate Arts programs: a look at research methods / Mapeo de la producción artístico-académica de la Danza en los programas de posgrado en Arte brasileños: una mirada a los métodos de investigación

Este artigo teve como objetivo identificar a localidade da Dança nos métodos de pesquisa das teses e dissertações, produzidas entre 2016-2020, nos programas de pós-graduação em Artes no Brasil. O percurso metodológico, de caráter descritivo, se deu a partir da observação da lógica adotada na organização das investigações (produção de uma performance, distanciamento para teorizar, utilização para fins dedutivos) e classificou a localidade da Dança como: (a) produção e interpretação dos dados; (b) objeto; (c) experimento. O estudo constatou que a maior parte dos trabalhos, de acordo com o período levantado, localizam a Dança nos seus percursos metodológicos como objeto de estudo. Apesar da busca por um caminho do exercício de observação e teorização, percebe-se que existe um amplo leque de possibilidades de experimentações, desdobramentos, especulações e conjecturas sobre o lugar da Dança nos métodos de pesquisas brasileiros (AU).

This article aimed to identify the location of Dance in the research methods of theses and dissertations, produced bet-ween 2016-2020, in postgraduate programs in Arts in Brazil. The methodological course, of a descriptive character, was based on the observation of the logic adopted in the organization of investi-gations (production of a performance, distance to theorize, use for deductive purposes) and classified the locality of Dance as: (a) pro-duction and interpretation of the data; (b) object; (c) experiment. The study found that most of the works, according to the period surveyed, locate Dance in their methodological paths as an object of study. Despite the search for a way of exercising observation and theorization, it is clear that there is a wide range of possibili-ties for experimentation, developments, speculations and conjec-tures about the place of Dance in Brazilian research methods (AU).

Este artículo tuvo como objetivo identificar la ubica-ción de la Danza en los métodos de investigación de tesis y diserta-ciones, producidas entre 2016-2020, en programas de posgrado en Artes en Brasil. El curso metodológico, de carácter descriptivo, se basó en la observación de la lógica adoptada en la organización de las investigaciones (producción de un espectáculo, distancia para teorizar, uso con fines deductivos) y clasificó la localidad de Danza como: (a) producción e interpretación de los datos; (b) objeto; (c) experimento. El estudio constató que la mayoría de los trabajos, egún el período relevado, ubican a la Danza en sus trayectos me-todológicos como objeto de estudio. A pesar de la búsqueda de una forma de ejercer la observación y la teorización, es claro que existe una amplia gama de posibilidades de experimentación, de-sarrollos, especulaciones y conjeturas sobre el lugar de la Danza en los métodos de investigación brasileños (AU).

Os desamparos da maternidade em um contexto de vulnerabilidade social / The helplessness of motherhood in a context of social vulnerability / El desamparo de la maternidade en un contexto de vulnerabilidad social

Algumas mães, mesmo acompanhadas de um parceiro, desempenham solitariamente múltiplos papéis, cuidando da rotina de casa, do trabalho e, precariamente, de si mesmas. Com o objetivo de discutir a maternidade em um contexto de vulnerabilidade e suas implicações no estabelecimento da relação mãe e filhos, a partir de um caso, utilizou-se um método observacional psicanalítico inspirado no Método Bick de Observação, sendo uma pesquisa qualitativa. As observações foram realizadas considerando os três tempos: observação semanal, no mesmo dia e hora; relato da observação, de forma descritiva e implicada; e, seminário de supervisão, para discussão das observações. Evidenciou-se o desamparo sentido por essa mulher-mãe que, apesar da presença da família e do esposo, não recebia o apoio necessário. Sua exaustão, oriunda do desamparo, resultava em perda de controle emocional em relação aos filhos. Ressalta-se o valor do Método Bick de Observação ao possibilitar um olhar sensível à maternidade

Some mothers, even when joined by a partner, end up playing multiple roles alone, taking care of the household chores, their work lives and, precariously, of themselves. In order to discuss motherhood in a context of vulnerability and its implications in the establishing of the relationship between a mother and her children, based on a specific case, an psychoanalytic observational method inspired by the Bick Method of Observation was employed, being a qualitative research. The observations were carried out considering three tempos: weekly observation, on the same day and time; observation report, in an involved and descriptive way; and supervision seminar, to discuss the observations. It was made evident the helplessness experienced by this woman-mother, who, despite the presence of her husband and family, did not receive the necessary support. Her exhaustion, stemming from this helplessness, resulted in a loss of emotional control over her children. The value of the Bick Observation Method is highlighted, as it enables a sensitive outlook towards motherhood

Algunas madres, incluso las acompañadas de pareja, desempeñan múltiples papeles solas, cuidando la rutina de la casa, el trabajo y, precariamente, ellas mismas. Para discutir la maternidad en un contexto de vulnerabilidad y sus implicaciones para el establecimiento de la relación entre las madres y sus hijos, a partir de un caso, se utilizó un método observacional psicoanalítico inspirado en el Método de Observación Bick, haciendo de esta una investigación cualitativa. Las observaciones se realizaron considerando los tres tiempos: observación semanal, en el mismo día y hora; informe de la observación, de forma descriptiva y implícita; y, seminario de supervisión, para discutir las observaciones. Se hizo evidente el desamparo que siente esta mujer-madre, quien, a pesar de la presencia de su familia y esposo, no recibe el apoyo necesario. Su agotamiento, derivado del desamparo, resultó en una pérdida del control emocional sobre sus hijos. Se destaca el valor del método de observación de Bick, que permite una mirada sensible a la maternidad

Efeito da padronização dos critérios de observação e de avaliação da técnica da braça do nado crawl na confiabilidade inter e intra avaliadores / Effect of standardizing observation and rating criteria for the front crawl stroke technique on inter- and intra-rater reliability

RESUMO Esse estudo teve por objetivo avaliar o efeito da padronização dos critérios de observação e de avaliação da técnica da braçada do nado crawl na confiabilidade inter e intra avaliadores para uma proposta de lista de observação. Dois professores e dois treinadores de natação competitiva com formação acadêmica diferentes foram responsáveis por avaliar a técnica da braçada do nado crawl de 44 nadadores por meio de vídeo. Cada nadador realizou um percurso de 25m em velocidade confortável tendo seu deslocamento gravado nos planos lateral e frontal, ambos submersos e fora d'água, nos 10 m finais da piscina. No percurso de filmagem os nadadores não realizaram a respiração lateral. Somente o movimento realizado pelo braço direito foi foco de observação dos avaliadores e com base em uma lista de verificação. Após as filmagens os avaliadores participaram de três etapas: na primeira etapa houve uma intervenção para padronização dos critérios de observação e de avaliação. Na segunda etapa testou-se a concordância inter-avaliadores e, na terceira, a concordância intra-avaliador. Na segunda etapa do estudo a concordância variou de pequeno a baixa (k=0,08 e k=0,38). Na terceira etapa alguns avaliadores apresentaram concordância pobre e baixa (k=-0,13 e k=0,35), enquanto outros apresentaram concordância entre razoável e praticamente perfeita (k=0,64 e k=0,87). A partir dos resultados apresentados concluiu-se que a proposta de intervenção não surtiu o efeito desejado de padronização dos critérios de observação e avaliação entre os avaliadores.

ABSTRACT This study aimed to assess the effect of standardizing observation and rating criteria for the front crawl stroke technique on inter- and intra-rater reliability in order to propose an observation list. Two teachers and two competitive swimming coaches with different academic backgrounds were responsible for evaluating the front crawl stroke technique of 44 swimmers using video. Each swimmer completed a 25m course at a comfortable speed, having their displacement recorded in the lateral and frontal planes, both submerged and out of water, in the final 10 m of the pool. Throughout the recording, the swimmers did not breath laterally. Only the movement performed by the right arm was the raters' focus of observation and was based on a checklist. After the shooting, the raters participated in three stages: in the first stage, there was an intervention to standardize the observation and rating criteria; inter-rater agreement was tested in the second stage, while intra-rater agreement was obtained in the third. In the second stage of the study, the agreement ranged from small to low (k=0.08 and k=0.38). In the third stage, some raters showed poor and low agreement (k=-0.13 and k=0.35), while others showed agreement between reasonable and virtually perfect (k=0.64 and k=0.87). From the results presented, it was concluded that the intervention proposal did not have the desired effect of standardizing the observation and rating criteria among the raters.

Uso del método de observación: una propuesta de aplicación al análisis de estrategias de resolución de problemas en niños con discapacidad / Use of observational method: a proposal for application to the analysis of problem-solving strategies in children with disabilities

El presente trabajo se ocupa de evaluar posibilidades del método de observación aplicado al análisis de estrategias de resolución de problemas en niños con discapacidad mediante juegos y tareas estructuradas. El marco teórico de referencia de esta contribución está representado por la teoría de la resolución de problemas, que contiene los principales procesos que intervienen en la gestión de los problemas y que nosotros aplicamos al desarrollo cognitivo y metacognitivo atípico. Junto con tres tareas diferentes estructuradas(Torre de Hanoi, Tetris y Bloques de construcción), usamos dos listas de comportamientos para codificar estrategias de resolución de problemas adoptadas por niños y/o adolescentes con desarrollo atípico. La aplicación de este tipo de observación con el uso de listas de comportamientos podría ser útil para crear en relación entre la investigación cualitativa y cuantitativa para mejorar el conocimiento de las estrategias de resolución de problemas y competencias metacognitivas en niños desarrollados atípicos(AU)

This paper is concerned with evaluating the possibilities of the observational method applied to the analysis of problem-solving strategies in children with disabilities through structured tasks. The theoretical framework of reference for this contribution is represented by the theory of problem-solving, containing the main processes involved in problem management,which we apply to atypical cognitive and metacognitive development. Together with three different structured tasks (Tower of Hanoi, Tetris, and Building Blocks), we used two lists of behaviors to code problem-solving strategies adopted by children and/or adolescents with atypical development. The application of this type of observation with the use of lists of behaviors could be useful to create a link between qualitative and quantitative research to improve the knowledge of problem-solving strategies and metacognitive competencies in atypically developed children(AU)

Revelar las vivencias de intervención educativa transcultural de embarazo adolescente en binomio madre-hija un proyecto de vida en comunidad originaria / Reveal the experiences of transcultural educational intervention of adolescent pregnancy in the mother-daughter binomial a life project in the originary community

Introducción: el embarazo adolescente hace referencia a toda gestación que ocurre durante la adolescencia y comprende las mujeres de hasta 19 años. Irrumpe la vida de las adolescentes en momentos que no alcanzan la madurez física ni mental, con carencias nutricionales y enfermedades. Las causas son amplias y complejas, variando entre distintos grupos culturales y étnicos. Para los investigadores es importante conocer la forma de pensar de las jóvenes y madres respecto a embarazos en adolescentes, como construyen los sentidos y significaciones alrededor de embarazos a temprana edad, qué factores intervienen, de qué modo se puede educar a la población joven y adulta ante esta problemática que irrumpe con su proyecto de vida. Material y métodos: enfoque metodológico cualitativo descriptivo, con visión holística histórico-etnográfico, dado que se pretende conocer la manera de pensar de las adolescentes del estado de Guerrero en la región montaña alta ante un embarazo y las posibles causas de la misma. Resultados: el binomio revela que la falta de recursos económicos, educación, costumbres y tradiciones son las principales causas de un embarazo precoz y deserción escolar en la montaña Alta de Guerrero. Consideraciones finales: desde el término EMIC se manifiesta desacuerdo por el embarazo adolescente, se visualiza la incapacidad de las participantes para desarrollar el rol de crianza y educación, se refleja con ETIC la inmadurez física y psicológica de las adolescentes para adquirir la responsabilidad de una mujer adulta, el proyecto de vida se ve estancado en el mismo padrón de los padres.

Introduction: adolescent pregnancy refers to any gestation that occurs during adolescence and includes women up to 19 years of age. It bursts into the lives of adolescents at times when they do not reach physical or mental maturity, with nutritional deficiencies and illnesses. The causes are broad and complex, varying among different cultural and ethnic groups. For researchers, it is important to know the way of thinking of young women and mothers regarding teenage pregnancies, how they build meanings and meanings around early pregnancies, what factors intervene, how the young and adult population can be educated before this problem that bursts with his life project. Material and methods: the present investigation has a descriptive qualitative methodological approach, with a holistic historical-ethnographic vision, since it is intended to know the way of thinking of adolescents from the state of Guerrero in the high mountain region before a pregnancy and the possible causes of it. Results: the binomial reveals that the lack of economic resources, education, customs and traditions are the main causes of early pregnancy and school dropout in the High Mountain of Guerrero. Final considerations: the term EMIC shows disagreement with adolescent pregnancy, the inability of the participants to develop the role of upbringing and education, the physical and psychological immaturity of the adolescents to acquire the responsibility of an adult woman is reflected in ETIC, the life project is stagnated in the same pattern of the parents.

Serendipity and Observations in Functional Neurosurgery: From James Parkinson's Stroke to Hamani's & Lozano's Flashbacks.

BACKGROUND: Serendipity and observations have a noble tradition in medicine, including neurology, and are responsible for many medical treatments (carbamazepine for tic douloureux, amantadine for Parkinson's disease, gabapentin for restless legs…). We aimed at examining the contribution of serendipity and observations to functional neurosurgery. Scholarly publications relevant to the history of functional neurosurgery for movement and psychiatric disorders were reviewed, starting from the pre-stereotactic era. The documents were scrutinized with respect to indications for surgery, surgical methods, and brain targets, in view of determining whether serendipitous discoveries and other observations contributed to various functional neurosurgical procedures. SUMMARY: James Parkinson's observation that tremors disappeared in the arm of a person with shaking palsy after a hemiparetic stroke encouraged neurosurgeons in the first half of the 20th century to perform ablative procedures on central motor pathways. Following a lobotomy performed by Browder that extended too far medially in a psychiatric patient with coexisting Parkinson's disease (PD), it was noted that the Parkinsonian signs improved. This encouraged Russel Meyers to carry out open surgery on the caudate nucleus and basal ganglia in PD. Cooper introduced ligation of the anterior choroidal artery as a treatment for PD following a surgical accident during a pedunculotomy. Cooper later started to perform stereotactic surgery on the ventrolateral thalamus following the pathological finding that an intended pallidal lesion had in fact targeted the thalamus. Leksell discovered the ideal location of a pallidal lesion being in the posteroventral area empirically, long before the advent of the basal ganglia model of PD. Modern Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) that started in the thalamus for tremor was the result of an observation by Benabid that intraoperative high-frequency stimulation during a thalamotomy reduced tremor. Both the discoveries of the anterior limbic subthalamic nucleus as a DBS target for OCD and the medial forebrain bundle as a DBS target for depression occurred by chance. Hamani and Lozano observed memory flashbacks in a patient who was undergoing DBS for obesity, which led to the discovery of the fornix as a potential DBS target for Alzheimer's disease. KEY MESSAGES: In the history of functional neurosurgery, serendipity and observations have resulted in discoveries of several procedures, brain targets for lesioning or DBS as well as new clinical surgical indications. In this era of neuromodulation, this technology should be exquisite in allowing potential serendipitous discoveries, provided that clinicians remain both observant and prepared.

Barriers to and facilitators of ethical encounters at the end of life in a nursing home: an ethnographic study.

BACKGROUND: Among a growing population of older persons, many affected by multiple diseases and complex needs, are cared for in nursing homes. Previous studies of nursing homes have highlighted the importance of personalised palliative care. Nevertheless, we know little about whether everyday care practice involving assistant nurses and frail older persons accomplishes ethical encounters, especially in assisted bodily care. Therefore, the aim of this study was to understand and conceptualize the encounter between residents and assistant nurses in bodily care-situations at the end of life in a nursing home. METHODS: Focused ethnographic design was used. Residents and assistant nurses from one nursing home in an urban Swedish area participated in this study. Data were collected for 6 months and consisted of 170 h of fieldwork, including participant observation and interviews. Observations and digitally recorded interviews were analysed thematically. Five public community stakeholders contributed to the analysis by discussing preliminary results and clinical implications in a focus group. RESULTS: Four themes, each encompassing both barriers to and facilitators of ethical encounters in assisted bodily care, were identified: Coping with the impact of workplace demands; Interacting in dialogue and communication; Experiencing involvement in the provision of assisted bodily care; and Adapting to good care and comfort. CONCLUSIONS: The findings suggest that accomplishing ethical encounters in assisted bodily care practice in a nursing home context has many barriers that are related to communication, relationships, and quality of care. Barriers included lack of resources, ineffective communication, and work values, which hinder ethical encounters. Nevertheless, moral sensitivity, genuine interest in resident engagement, and collaborative practices facilitated ethical encounters and are thus central to person-centred care. Uniquely, assistant nurses must be aware of their responsibility for performing their tasks in response to residents' vulnerability. We therefore suggest that moral deliberation over issues of communication, compassion, decision-making, and behavior, with particular consideration for the care relationship. To further improve the quality of care, organisations must provide resources for the building of relationships, as well as time for assistant nurses to recover after long shifts. Additional research is warranted, including implementation of ethically grounded palliative care.

Agujero Timpánico bilateral. Análisis de caso desde la literatura / Bilateral tympanic hole. Case analysis from the literature

La pared del conducto auditivo externo (CAE) parte de la formación del hueso timpánico; integrándose posteriormente a la porción petrosa del hueso temporal. El agujero timpánico o foramen de Huschke corresponde a un defecto en la osificación en donde existe fusión incompleta de porciones anteriores y posteriores del anillo timpánico dejando una abertura que comunica el CAE hacia anterior. Su presencia es normal hasta los 5 años de edad, tiempo en que se debiese obliterar. Su incidencia es baja (3-24%), pero la persistencia en adulto, conlleva sintomatología inespecífica caracterizada por otalgia, dolor en articulación temporomandibular (ATM), tinnitus, hipoacusia o manifestaciones complejas como descarga salival en CAE durante la masticación. Clínicamente puede complicar procedimientos de infiltración y artroscopias de ATM. Rara vez ocasiona, en pacientes mayores de 50 años, herniación de la cabeza del cóndilo mandibular. Su diagnóstico puede ser clínico por medio de otoscopia, donde se observa protuberancia de tejido en pared anterior del CAE, que aumenta de tamaño con la boca cerrada. También puede ser imagenológico con una tomografía computarizada. El tratamiento incluye desde medidas conservadoras para manejo del dolor e inflamación, hasta quirúrgicas con la implantación de injertos, placas o prótesis para cerrar la estructura o para reemplazar el cóndilo mandibular. El presente estudio pretende aportar incidencia dentro del área de estudio. Se analiza por observación directa, cráneo seco, completo, masculino, edad entre 12 a 15 años (según morfología del cóndilo mandibular y erupción dental). Se observa agujero de Huschke, bilateral, ambos permeables de diámetro 4 mm en ambos casos, determinados con regla milimetrada. La relevancia del defecto se asocia a la práctica clínica de otorrinolaringólogos, cirujanos maxilofaciales y odontólogos, ya sea como diagnóstico diferencial asociado a los síntomas inespecíficos, como para procedimientos más invasivos en la zona tales como infiltraciones o artroscopias de ATM

The wall of the external auditory canal (EAC) starts from the formation of the tympanic bone; later it is integrated to the petrous portion of the temporal bone. The tympanic foramen or foramen of Huschke corresponds to a defect in ossification where there is incomplete fusion of the anterior and posterior portions of the tympanic ring leaving an opening that communicates the EAC to its anterior aspect. Its presence is normal until 5 years of age, when it should be absolutely obliterated. Its incidence is low (3-24%), but its persistence in adults leads to non specific symptoms characterized by otalgia, pain in the temporomandibular joint (TMJ), tinnitus, hearing loss, or complex manifestations such as salivary discharge in the CAE during mastication. Clinically, it may complicate TMJ infiltration and arthroscopy procedures. It rarely causes herniation of the mandibular condyle head in patients older than 50 years. Its diagnosis can be clinical by means of otoscopy, where tissue protrusion is observed in the anterior wall of the CAE, which increases in size when the mouth is closed. It can also be imaging with computed tomography. Treatment includes from conservative measures to treat pain and inflammation, to surgical measures with the implantation of grafts, plates or prosthesis to close the structure or to replace the mandibular condyle. The present study aims to provide incidence within the study area. It is analyzed by direct observation, dry skull, complete, male, age between 12 to 15 years (according to mandibular condyle morphology and dental eruption). Huschke's foramen was observed, bilateral, both permeable, diameter 4mm in both cases, determined with a millimeter ruler. The relevance of the defect is associated with the clinical practice of otolaryngologists, maxillofacial surgeons and dentists, either as a differential diagnosis associated with nonspecific symptoms, or for more invasive procedures in the area such as infiltrations or TMJ arthroscopies.

Principles, Scope, and Limitations of the Methodological Triangulation / Principios, alcances y limitaciones de la triangulación metodológica / Princípios, alcances e limitações da triangulação metodológica

Abstract This article sought to collect basic and relevant information about methodological triangulation and make a first approach to the principles underlying its use, potentiality and scope, advances and limitations, and some alternative proposals to surpass them. In that sense, it is an attempt to operationalize concepts and present the procedures to conduct it rigorously. In the first place, conceptual aspects and types of triangulation are presented, and in the second place, the principles, uses and difficulties. But, beyond what must be done, an approach is made to how to do it. The assumption underlying through the article is the complementarity among methods. It is emphasized in the principle through which the nature of objects must guide the selection of the methods and of the most effective techniques to approach and account for phenomena that are socially pertinent of being studied.

Resumen El presente artículo pretende levantar información básica y relevante sobre la triangulación metodológica y hacer una primera aproximación a los principios que subyacen en su uso, su potencialidad y alcance, sus avances y limitaciones, y algunas propuestas alternativas para superarlas. En ese sentido, es un intento de operacionalizar los conceptos y presentar los procedimientos para llevarla a cabo en forma rigurosa. En primer lugar, se presentan los aspectos conceptuales y los tipos de triangulación, y en segundo lugar los principios, los usos y las dificultades. Pero, más allá del qué hacer, se hace una aproximación al cómo hacerlo. El supuesto que subyace a través del artículo es la complementariedad entre los métodos. Se enfatiza en el principio mediante el cual, la naturaleza de los objetos debe guiar la escogencia de los métodos y de las técnicas más eficaces para aproximarse y dar cuenta de los fenómenos que son pertinentes socialmente, de ser estudiados.

Resumo Este artigo tem como objetivo coletar informações básicas e relevantes sobre triangulação metodológica e fazer uma primeira aproximação aos princípios que fundamentam sua utilização, seu potencial e alcance, sua avanços e limitações, e algumas propostas alternativas para superá-los. Nesse sentido, é uma tentativa de operacionalizar os conceitos e apresentar os procedimentos para realizá-lo com rigor. Em primeiro lugar, são apresentados os aspectos conceituais e os tipos de triangulação e, em segundo lugar, os princípios, usos e dificuldades. Mas, além do que fazer, é feita uma abordagem de como fazer. A hipótese subjacente ao longo do artigo é a complementaridade entre os métodos. A ênfase é colocada no princípio pelo qual a natureza dos objetos deve orientar a escolha dos métodos e técnicas mais eficazes para abordar e dar conta dos fenômenos socialmente relevantes, se estudados.

Manejo conservador de lesión aerodigestiva: reporte de un caso y revisión de la literatura / Conservative management of aerodigestive injury: A case report andreview of the literature

Introducción. El trauma penetrante de cuello representa un evento desafortunado de baja incidencia y alta complejidad diagnóstica y terapéutica, lo que supone un reto para el cirujano general.Caso clínico. Paciente femenina de 20 años de edad, quien sufrió una herida cervical por proyectil de arma de fuego, desarrollando de forma secundaria una lesión aerodigestiva. Se realizó un tratamiento expectante en un hospital de alta complejidad, con una evolución favorable. Discusión. En la literatura existe un claro debate en cuanto al manejo de las lesiones penetrantes en cuello y la sospecha de lesión orgánica oculta. En nuestro paciente la lesión aerodigestiva fue tratada mediante observación y seguimiento clínico. Conclusiones. El manejo de un paciente con lesión aerodigestiva se puede corroborar mediante las imágenes diagnósticas y se puede tratar de forma expectante con un resultado exitoso, sin agregar morbilidad y con un impacto adecuado en el buen uso de los recursos disponibles

Introduction. Penetrating neck trauma represents an unfortunate event with a low incidence and high diagnostic and therapeutic complexity, which represents a challenge for the general surgeon. Clinical case. A 20-year-old female patient, who suffered a cervical wound from a firearm projectile, secondarily developing an aerodigestive lesion. An expectant treatment was carried out in a high complexity hospital, with a favorable evolution.Discussion. In the literature there is a clear debate regarding the management of penetrating neck injuries and suspected occult organic injury. In our patient, the aerodigestive injury was treated by observation and clinical follow-up.Conclusions. The management of a patient with aerodigestive injury can be corroborated by diagnostic images and can be treated expectantly with a successful result, without adding morbidity and with an adequate impact on the proper use of available resources

Emulation of a Target Trial From Observational Data to Compare Effectiveness of Casirivimab/Imdevimab and Bamlanivimab/Etesevimab for Early Treatment of Non-Hospitalized Patients With COVID-19.

Objectives: Comparative analysis between different monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against SARS-CoV-2 are lacking. We present an emulation trial from observational data to compare effectiveness of Bamlanivimab/Etesevimab (BAM/ETE) and Casirivimab/Imdevimab (CAS/IMD) in outpatients with early mild-to-moderate COVID-19 in a real-world scenario of variants of concern (VoCs) from Alpha to Delta. Methods: Allocation to treatment was subject to mAbs availability, and the measured factors were not used to determine which combination to use. Patients were followed through day 30. Viral load was measured by cycle threshold (CT) on D1 (baseline) and D7.Primary outcome was time to COVID-19-related hospitalization or death from any cause over days 0-30. Weighted pooled logistic regression and marginal structural Cox model by inverse probability weights were used to compare BAM/ETE vs. CAS/IMD. ANCOVA was used to compare mean D7 CT values by intervention. Models were adjusted for calendar month, MASS score and VoCs. We evaluated effect measure modification by VoCs, vaccination, D1 CT levels and enrolment period. Results: COVID19-related hospitalization or death from any cause occurred in 15 of 237 patients in the BAM/ETE group (6.3%) and in 4 of 196 patients in the CAS/IMD group (2.0%) (relative risk reduction [1 minus the relative risk] 72%; p=0.024). Subset analysis carried no evidence that the effect of the intervention was different across stratification factors. There was no evidence in viral load reduction from baseline through day 7 across the two groups (+0.17, 95% -1.41;+1.74, p=0.83). Among patients who experienced primary outcome, none showed a negative RT-PCR test in nasopharyngeal swab (p=0.009) and 82.4% showed still high viral load (p<0.001) on D7. Conclusions: In a pre-Omicron epidemiologic scenario, CAS/IMD reduced risk of clinical progression of COVID-19 compared to BAM/ETE. This effect was not associated with a concomitant difference in virological response.

Observation Versus Resection for Small, Localized, and Nonfunctional Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors: A Propensity Score Matching Study.

OBJECTIVES: The best treatment modalities for small (1-2 cm), localized, and nonfunctional pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors remain controversial. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate whether surgical resection provides survival benefit over observation in those patients. METHODS: From 1973 to 2015, all eligible patients were retrieved from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database. Propensity score matching (1:2) method was performed. The primary endpoints evaluated were overall survival (OS) and cancer-specific survival (CSS). RESULTS: We identified 681 patients, of which 122 and 559 patients received observation and resection, respectively. Propensity score-matched patients who underwent surgery (n = 183) had significantly improved OS (P = 0.008) compared with matched patients who underwent observation (n = 106), but there was no difference in CSS (P = 0.310). On multivariate analysis, resection could improve OS but not CSS. Besides, poorly differentiated/undifferentiated tumor had a worse OS and CSS. Subgroup analysis showed that patients 60 years and older who underwent resection could achieve a longer OS and CSS. CONCLUSIONS: This disease exhibits a very good prognosis. Patients undergoing resection were associated with comparable 5-year CSS but longer 5-year OS compared with those receiving observation. Elderly patients (≥60) may obtain benefit from surgery, whereas the treatment of younger patients should be individualized.

Grupos de corrida do distrito do Porto-Portugal: mapeamento e considerações sobre o correr em grupo / Porto-Portugal district racing groups: mapping and considerations on group running / Grupos de corredores en el distrito de Porto-Portugal: mapeo y consideraciones sobre correr en grupo

Este artigo tem como objetivo apresentar um mapeamento dos grupos de corrida de rua do distrito do Porto, em Portugal. Busca vincular esse mapeamento ao âmbito da história da corrida de rua, tecendo considerações acerca da condição de superar-se, e do "olhar do outro". Reflete sobre como o desejo de superação e do "olhar do outro" atuam na performance dos(as) corredores(as). Destaca os eventos de corrida como constitutivos da prática dos grupos. Compõem a metodologia a Pesquisa Documental, que tem como fonte sites e sites de redes sociais, associada à técnica da observação de espaços urbanos onde se concentra a prática da corrida de rua. Conclui que o pertencimento a grupos de corrida de rua é fator de propulsão da prática (AU)

This paper aims to present a mapping of street running groups in the district of Porto, in Portugal. It seeks to link this mapping to the scope of the history of street running, making considerations about the condition of overcoming oneself, and the "look of the other". It reflects on how the desire to overcome and the "look of the other" act in the performance of the runners. It highlights running events as constitutive of groups' practice. The methodology comprises documental research, which has as its source websites and social networking sites, associated with the technique of observing urban spaces where the practice of street running is concentrated. It concludes that belonging to street running groups is a driving factor for the practice

El objetivo de este artículo es presentar un mapeo de los grupos de corredores callejeros en el distrito de Porto, Portugal. Pretende vincular este mapeo a la historia de las carreras de calle, haciendo consideraciones sobre la condición de superación de uno mismo, y la "mirada del otro". Reflexiona sobre cómo el deseo de superación y la "mirada del otro" actúan sobre el rendimiento de los corredores. Destaca los acontecimientos de la carrera como constitutivos de la práctica de los grupos. La metodología está compuesta por la Investigación Documental, que tiene como fuente sitios web y de redes sociales, asociada a la técnica de observación de los espacios urbanos donde se concentra la práctica de la carrera callejera. Concluye que la pertenencia a grupos de carrera es un elemento impulsor de la práctica

Ocorrência de delirium em pacientes críticos em unidade intensiva / Ocurrencia de delirium en pacientes críticos en unidad intensiva / Occurrence of delirium in critical patients in intensive care units

RESUMO Objetivo: descrever a ocorrência de delirium em pacientes críticos após aplicação de instrumento de rastreio. Método: estudo transversal, com amostra por conveniência, para o levantamento da frequência de delirium em pacientes críticos. Na primeira parte do estudo, realizou-se uma observação in locu para o diagnóstico de delirium; em seguida, fez-se uma pesquisa em prontuário para o levantamento de dados epidemiológicos. Os dados foram coletados de agosto a outubro de 2018. Resultados: 18 pacientes atenderam aos critérios de inclusão e 7(38,9%) foram diagnosticados pelo instrumento de rastreio para delirium. Dentre os pacientes com diagnóstico de delirium, todos possuíam tempo de internação superior a 7 dias. Destaca-se que 3 (42.9%) pacientes fizeram uso de contenção mecânica e 2 (28, 57%) fizeram uso de contenção física. Ocorreu um evento adverso entre os pacientes acometidos pela síndrome, durante o período de observação. Conclusão: evidenciou-seuma taxa de ocorrênciade 38,8% de delirium em pacientes críticos. Esse dado aponta o delirium como um desafio na assistência a pacientes de alta complexidade. Destaca-se a subnotificação como um obstáculo importante para o manejo e prevenção adequados.

RESUMEN Objetivo: describir la ocurrencia de delirium en pacientes críticos después de la aplicación del instrumento de cribado. Método: estudio transversal, con muestreo por conveniencia, para el análisis de la frecuencia de delirium en pacientes críticos. En la primera parte del estudio, se realizó una observación in locu para el diagnóstico de delirium; a continuación, se realizó una investigación en registro médico para la recopilación de datos epidemiológicos. Los datos se recopilaron de agosto a octubre de 2018. Resultados: 18 pacientes cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión y 7 (38,9%) fueron diagnosticados por el instrumento de cribado para delirium. Entre los pacientes con diagnóstico de delirium, todos poseían tiempo de internación superior a 7 días. Se destaca que 3 (42.9%) pacientes hicieron uso de contención mecánica y 2 (28, 57%) hicieron uso de contención física. Ocurrió un acontecimiento adverso entre los pacientes afectados por el síndrome, durante el período de observación. Conclusión: se evidenció una tasa de ocurrencia de 38,8% de delirium en pacientes críticos. Este dato señala el delirium como un desafío en la atención a pacientes de alta complejidad. Se destaca la subnotificación como un obstáculo importante para el manejo y la prevención adecuados.

ABSTRACT Objective: to describe the occurrence of delirium in critical patients after application of a screening instrument. Method: cross-sectional study, with convenience sampling, to survey the frequency of delirium in critical patients. In the first part of the study, an in locu observation was performed for the diagnosis of delirium; then, a research was performed with medical records to collect epidemiological data. Data were collected from August to October 2018. Results: 18 patients met the inclusion criteria and 7 (38.9%) were diagnosed by the screening instrument for delirium. Among the patients diagnosed with delirium, all had a length of hospitalization longer than 7 days. It is noteworthy that 3 (42.9%) patients made use of mechanical restraint and 2 (28, 57%) made use of physical restraint. There was an adverse event among patients affected by the syndrome during the observation period. Conclusion: there was an occurrence rate of 38.8% of delirium in critical patients. This datum points to delirium as a challenge in the care of high complexity patients. Underreporting stands out as an important obstacle to proper management and prevention.

"Tortura que não acaba": análise do sofrimento de mães de jovens assassinados em Fortaleza / "Torture that never ends": Analysis of the suffering of mothers of young people murdered in Fortaleza / «Torture qui ne finit jamais¼: analyse de la souffrance des mères de jeunes assassinés à Fortaleza / "Una tortura que nunca termina": análisis del sufrimiento de madres de jóvenes asesinados en Fortaleza

Resumo Este artigo pretende analisar, a partir de um prisma interseccional, o sofrimento psicossocial de mães de jovens assassinados nas dinâmicas da violência em territórios periféricos de Fortaleza, no Ceará. As reflexões são oriundas de uma pesquisa-intervenção, que, ao tomar a interseccionalidade como conceito-chave, permite-nos acompanhar realidades vividas de mulheres sem incorrer em uma despolitização e individualização de seus sofrimentos. O trabalho buscou articulações de estudos da Psicologia Social com autoras dos feminismos e de áreas afins que tratam sobre violências, mulheres negras e interseccionalidades. Os dados foram produzidos por entrevistas e observações de mobilizações sociais. A seção de resultados e discussão chama a atenção para: (1) processos de culpabilização e sua relação com classe, raça e gênero, em que as mortes dos filhos são indutoras de maior precarização nas vidas dessas mulheres; e (2) medo, isolamento, solidão e silenciamento atuantes no sofrimento psicossocial, produzindo novas formas de sociabilidade.

Abstract This article aims to analyze, from an intersectional perspective, the psychosocial suffering of mothers of young people murdered in the dynamics of violence in peripheral territories of Fortaleza. The reflections come from research-intervention, which, by taking intersectionality as a key concept, allows us to follow the realities experienced by women without incurring a depoliticization and individualization of their sufferings. The work sought to articulate studies from Social Psychology with authors of Feminisms and related areas that deal with violence, black women and intersectionalities. Data were produced by interviews and observations of social movements. The results and discussion section draws attention to a) blaming processes and their relationship with class, race and gender, in which the deaths of youth induces more precariousness in these women's lives, and b) fear, isolation, loneliness and silence as actors in the psychosocial suffering producing new forms of sociability.

Résumé Cet article vise à analyser, dans une perspective intersectionnelle, la souffrance psychosociale des mères de jeunes assassinés dans la dynamique de la violence dans les territoires périphériques de Fortaleza-CE. Les réflexions sont issues de la recherche-intervention, qui, en prenant l'intersectionnalité comme concept clé, permet de suivre les réalités vécues par les femmes sans entraîner une dépolitisation et une individualisation de leurs souffrances. Le travail recherchait des articulations d'études de psychologie sociale avec des auteurs de féminismes et de domaines connexes qui traitent de la violence, des femmes noires et des intersectionnalités. Les données ont été produites par des entretiens et des observations de mobilisations sociales. La section résultats et discussion attire l'attention sur a) les processus de blâme et leur relation avec la classe, la race et le sexe, dans lesquels la mort d'enfants induit une plus grande précarité dans la vie de ces femmes et b) la peur, l'isolement, la solitude et le silence agissant dans le souffrance psychosociale, produisant de nouvelles formes de sociabilité.

Resumen Este artículo propone analizar, desde una perspectiva interseccional, el sufrimiento psicosocial de madres de jóvenes asesinados en las dinámicas de violencia en los territorios periféricos de Fortaleza, en Ceará (Brasil). Las reflexiones provienen de la investigación-intervención, que al tomar la interseccionalidad como concepto clave nos permite seguir con las realidades vividas por las mujeres sin incurrir en una despolitización e individualización de sus sufrimientos. Este trabajo buscó articular los estudios de Psicología Social con los autores de feminismos y áreas afines que abordan la violencia, la mujer negra y las interseccionalidades. Los datos fueron producidos por entrevistas y observaciones de movilizaciones sociales. El apartado de resultados y discusión llama la atención sobre: (1) los procesos de culpabilización y su relación con la clase, la raza y el género, en los que la muerte de los niños induce a una mayor inseguridad en la vida de estas mujeres; y (2) el miedo, el aislamiento, la soledad y el silenciamiento que actúan en el sufrimiento psicosocial produciendo nuevas formas de sociabilidad.

Razão e razões masculinas: geração de desigualdades pelas práticas de meritocracia em uma empresa tecnocrática brasileira / Rationality and male reasons: generation of inequalities through meritocracy practices in a Brazilian technocratic company

O artigo revela como a meritocracia ­ transvestida como um sistema neutro de promoções ­ produz e reproduz as desigualdades entre atributos de gênero, em uma empresa brasileira do setor elétrico. O enfoque teórico estabelece paralelo entre a prática meritocrática, como luta de categorias e seus valores, e a praxiologia de Bourdieu. A abordagem é qualitativa, baseada em entrevistas semiestruturadas e observação participante. Da análise de conteúdo emergiram três pares de categorias analíticas: técnico/não técnico, meritoso/não meritoso e masculino/feminino. A associação entre atributos masculinos e méritos mais valorizados é uma relação desigual de gênero não explícita no discurso, mas envolta em atributos de mérito que se agrupam em rótulos neutros e dissimuladores associados à masculinidade. O estudo contribui com a ampliação da compreensão sobre a construção de significados que subjazem aos processos de ascensão na estrutura hierárquica organizacional, ao revelar as relações entre os atributos de méritos e de valor; além de os atributos de masculinidade e racionalidade

The paper reveals how meritocracy ­ disguised as a neutral promotion system ­ produces and reproduces inequalities between gender attributes in a Brazilian company in the electricity sector. Our theoretical approach establishes a parallel between meritocratic practice as a struggle between categories and their values and Bourdieu's praxeology. Our approach is qualitative and based on semi-structured interviews and participant observation. From content analysis, three pairs of analytical categories emerged: technical/non-technical; meritorious/not meritorious; and male/female. The association between more valued male and merit attributes is an unequal gender relation which discourse maintains implicit but wrapped in merit attributes which are grouped in neutral and dissimulating labels associated with masculinity. This study broadens the understanding of the construction of meanings underlining the ascension processes in this organizational hierarchical structure by showing the relations between the attributes of merit and value, and those of masculinity and rationality